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Indian Tribal Education Tour
The first problem in the cross-cultural comparative research is the conceptualization of basic culture-bearing unit i.e., the “tribe” or “society.” This stands for a “group of people whose shared, learned way of life constitutes a whole “culture” rather than a mere “subculture” on the one hand or a culture area or culture cluster on the other” (Naroll, 1970).The culture-bearing units is a complex phenomenon: and units are not congruent with regard to quality, quantity, or spatial extension; they also show ‘that language groupings are often not congruent with distribution of other important traits “nor are political organizations, endogamous social groups, or largest meaningful social units. A culture specifies a culture-bearing.
We, promise to take you for a magical ride to tribal India. Special tribal tour packages are organized by our team to provide you a real vista of tribal culture and traditions of India that have been prevailing in the country for centuries. Explore various tribal destinations and untouched regions and rub your shoulder with the real tribes in India.
Group Naroll asserts, “ Any particular world-wide definition of the culture-bearing unit is sure to be arbitrary to be arbitrary to follow some boundaries and thence to ignore others” (1970;722). Therefore, it is impossible to find out a trait or a complex of traits which is universally valid. And in cross-cultural comparison the constancies must be properly defined .
Naroll emphasizes that a taxonomy of ethnic units need be prepared and in cultural anthropology a concept hierarchy is alreadyin existence, such a s subcultures (by small groups), cultures (by whose societies),culture clusters (by small groups of neighboring societies) culture areas encompassing a lager group on neighboring societies, and continental areas. When one speaks of “culture type,” it must be precisely stated as to what traits or combinations characterize a type.
Educational Group TourCultures widely vary in respect of the homogeneity heterogeneity scale. When cultures are compared, their relative position in the scale of social and cultural development will have to be taken into account . “simple” societies are not alike , but day occupy certain points along a scale or continuum of increasing complexity and heterorgeneity. When cultures, little with regard to this scale of social and cultural development, are compared, the differences are easily overlooked. But it should always be remembered as to what sort of differences matter for the problem at hand. For instance, when we compare descent, residence and inheritance between the Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian tribes of Orissa we find their differences unimportive in the scale; but when we compare the land tenure system and economy the differences are conspicuous and matter very much.
However, the crux of the problem of the comparative studies in anthropology is by and large ‘unit’ definition of the culturebearing unit. The term “tribe” has been used to mean a nonliterate homogeneous culture-bearing unit, but this usage is not universal, Naroll (1970)has discussed the problem at length and has proposed at least ten criteria for defining whole societies or other units of comparison. The criteria are :
1. "Distribution of particular traits being studied (The societies under study must belong to a single gerographical area).
2. Territorial contiguity. (Neighboring societies may have similar coltures, but are separated by uninhabited geographical gaps, whether water gaps or wasteland gaps).
3. Educational Group TourPolitical Organization. (Territorial units embracing a number of local communities into a coherent political unit wielding immense political authority exhibit distinct cultures)
4. Language. (A common language contributes to emergence of a distinct culture).
5. Ecological Adjustment. (This criterion may pose an operational problem: but Naroll believes that when its crucial importance is explicitly claimed by the ethnographer; it would meet the need of solving the operational problem).
6. Local Community Structure. (Restricting the unit of study to certain local communities is advantageous in comparative studies. However, it has its limitations when applied in a cross-cultural survery which seeks a random or stratified random sample. Nonetheless, a complete inventory of local communities is essential to overcome operational difficulties).
7. Widest Relevant Social Unit. (In the past higher level of social adjustment comprised whole subcontinents, but today it covers 98 percent of mankind in Brandt's terms (c.f. Naroll, 1970;729).
8. Native name. ( Native name or appellation is a common ethnic unit definition criterion).
9. Common Folklore or History. (Common history or folklore makes a society a self-conscious unit).
10. Ethnographers Units. (The ethnographers do not follow a consistent pattern of unit definition, and it is ill-advisable to do so also.)
Tribal Problems And Development
Educational Group TourThere has not been any comprehensive study of the primitives tribal groups from development view point.it is absolutely necessary to study all these tribes from the national perspective of development.Various state Governments have served the demographic and socio-economic conditions of these tribes in data from the view points of tribes in their respective areas. But it is necessary to compile all such data from the view points of tribal development and planning with reference to their core culture, natural recourses at their command and their human resources.These tribes are dispersed all over the country. They differ from one another in racial features, language, social organization, world view and ecosystem. All the major language families,namely, Austric,Dravidian,Tibeto-Burmese and Indo-Aryan, of India are found amongst them as mother tongues.
Tribes of India exhibit a great deal of diversity of ethnicity, language and culture amongst themselves they also greatly vary with regard to their size and density in the tribal India. There are both unethical and polytechnic areas mixed or polytechnic settlements have grown out of frequent migration for better habitats. Tribal communities living in each other’s close proximity loosely articulate with one another asymmetrically. But the primitive tribalgroups are invariably in a disadvantageous position. In several cases they are under constant dominance of others,both tribal and non-tribal. They are confronted with a variety of problems in the fast changing ecosystem. Their numerical smallness or micro-size invariably keeps them in a non-viable position in the present context Being primitive and preponderantly small in number and asset less, they are not able to complete with other for politico-economic gains. They are unable to keep pace with economic development process which involves new ideas, new elements, new skills and a different kind articulation.
Educational Group TourIn recent years, being pressed by larger and economically stronger groups, both tribal and non-tribal, their social structures are getting disrupted and disjoined. In Andhara Pradesh Gonds by their sheer numerical strength, economic power, political supremacy and higher social status have stunted the growth of the social system and efflorescence of primitive tribes, like Konda Reddys and Thotis. The same is the case with Hill Kharias and Juangs in Orissa.
The Plight and tribulations of the primitive tribes are greater because they are at the lowest techno-economic level and their economic life is miserably non-viable as it mainly revolves round hunting, gathering and collection. As such, their social systems remain vulnerable to disorder. Constant deprivation and ill-health lead to the shattering of throe personality and cultural systems. Man is the only socio-cultural being. Society and cultural have biological survival value for him. The personality of the newly born cannot be properly shaped if society and cultural do not fulfill their functions. The crux of their problems is economic.
Educational Group TourDaubing the minor tribes as ‘primitive’ does not mean that they are not capable of achieving higher level of technology and development. Although the term is not value-neutral. It is designed to identify a community which is techno-economically backward as per an ortholinear parameter. Therefore, it should not be construed as an egregious folly of the social scientists who have coined the terminology. The ‘primitive so-called, suffer from backwardness due to historical, ecological and exploitation. The materials of their food and their consumption pattern are simple, and their calorie in take is below average. With progressive enactment of forest laws they have been depived of their customary right over forest produce.
The term primitive I taken to mean simple or undifferentiated as the polar opposite of complex structure. The culture of present-day primitive tribal societies to some extent resemble the early human societies. Their efflorescence has been arrested due to ecological and historical reasons. As biological organisms, the primitive are our contemporaries in every sense of the term. They are within our time frame and not outside it. Their economic backwardness is attributed largely to the absence of opportunities rather than to innate intellectual in capacity.
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